U.S.
Secretary of State John Kerry with Jean-Luc Chopard, Geneva head of
protocol, at Geneva International Airport in Geneva, Switzerland,
November 8, 2013. (Photo: Denis Balibouse / Pool via The New York Times)
The chance for a first preliminary agreement between Iran and the six
powers (US, UK, France, Germany, Russia and China) to resolve the
decade-long conflict over Iran's nuclear program was lost during the
weekend because of a deliberate French policy of preventing agreement at
the behest of Israel and the Obama administration's lack of commitment
to reaching a comprehensive settlement of the issue.
Those two major reasons for the breakdown of the negotiations without
agreement reveal just how fragile the diplomacy surrounding the Iran
nuclear question is and how close it is to falling into serious
stalemate. Moreover, the remarks by Secretary of State John Kerry about
the episode, far from assuaging Iranian doubts, are likely to create new
doubts about the Obama administration's commitment to a comprehensive
solution to the issue.
The US Covers for Israel and France
French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius took the other foreign
ministers of the six powers at the Geneva talks by surprise Saturday
when he used an interview with France-Inter radio to
voice objection
to "several points that … we're not satisfied with, compared to the
initial text" and called the draft agreement a "con game." That language
clearly paralleled Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's attack
on the agreement and appears to have been calculated to prevent an
agreement from being reached.
The following day, Kerry and Undersecretary of State for Political
Affairs Wendy Sherman introduced a new explanation for the failure of
the talks to reach agreement during the weekend that appeared to deny
that disunity among the six powers was a problem.
Kerry asserted in a news conference in Abu Dhabi on Monday that
France had joined the six powers in making a united proposal to Iran - a
point that seemingly cleared France of the accusation of diplomatic
sabotage - and that it was Iran that had not been able accept the text
without further consultation. The same explanation was given to
reporters in Jerusalem by an unnamed "senior American official" -
presumably Sherman, who was heading the US delegation visiting Israel to
report on the talks.
A reconstruction of the events of the weekend indicates, however,
that the US account was a disingenuous effort to provide cover for the
French and Israeli allies.
Sometime after Fabius had given his approval for the draft to go
forward, he attacked the agreement over Arak and the issue of Iran's 20
percent enriched uranium stockpile. It was merely rhetoric for public
consumption, moreover. Western diplomats were quoted as saying that
Fabius was "holding out" for tougher conditions on the Iranians than those that had been agreed to by the other five powers and that he was indeed
sabotaging the deal.
The objections voiced by Fabius were not based on genuine technical issues.
The draft agreement language required that Iran not "activate" the
Arak heavy-water research reactor, rather than requiring an immediate
end to all work on the construction of the reactor, according to
a leak by two senior Obama administration officials to CNN published November 8.
The reason is that Arak is not a short-term proliferation risk. The
idea that Arak would produce enough plutonium for one nuclear bomb per
year frequently
cited in media coverage
of the issue is extremely misleading because, in fact, Iran has no
facility for reprocessing the plutonium - as Daryl Kimball of the Arms
Control Association
has pointed out.
And the PowerPoint presentation by Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif to the preliminary meeting in mid-October
indicated
that Iran was ready to agree to arrangements for removal of all
plutonium produced by the reactor, so that it would be unable to decide
to reprocess it in the future. A detailed agreement on Arak that would
be part of the comprehensive agreement would provide assurances against
reprocessing of plutonium.
The language in the text on Iran's 20 percent-enriched uranium said
Iran would "render unusable most of its existing stockpile." That
language had been
leaked to CNN
November 7 and thus had been under discussion for at least two days
prior to the arrival of Fabius in Geneva. And it did represent a shift
from
what the six powers had been demanding
at the outset of the preliminary meeting in mid-October, which was that
Iran would "ship out" most of its stockpile of 20 percent-enriched
uranium.
But Zarif's PowerPoint presentation in October had
offered a plan
to convert all of Iran's 20 percent enriched uranium into fuel rods,
and Zarif's explanation of the plan convinced the Americans that the
stockpile could be disposed of by continuing the process of turning it
into fuel rods for a nuclear reactor, rendering it "unusable" for the
higher-level enrichment necessary for nuclear weapons.
Why Fabius Turned on the Draft Agreement
The real reason Fabius suddenly attacked the draft was that Israeli
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu turned up the heat on Fabius and the
French government to refuse to support the agreement.
We now know that, in addition to at least one phone call from
Netanyahu, according to a report in Israel's Channel 2 on Sunday, Fabius
also was called by Meyer Habib, a Jewish member of the French
Parliament representing French citizens living in southern Europe,
including in Israel, and
threatened a Netanyahu attack
on Iran's nuclear facilities. Habib, who is also deputy of the Jewish
umbrella organization in France, is known as a longtime Likud Party
activist and friend of Netanyahu who has been considered the Israeli
prime minister's personal representative in Paris,
according to Haaretz.
"If you don't toughen your positions, Netanyahu will attack Iran,"
the report quoted Habib as telling the French foreign minister. "I know
this. I know him."
The foreign minister of an independent state normally would bristle
at such open diplomatic extortion by threat of force. But the French
government has had the most pro-Israel and anti-Iran policy of any
European state ever since Nicolas Sarkozy replaced Jacques Chirac as
president in 2007. Despite the shift from the Center-Right Union for a
Popular Movement government of Sarkozy to the Socialist government of
Francois Hollande in 2012, that policy has not shifted at all.
Unlike the United States, where the pro-Israeli influence is exerted
through campaign contributions coordinated by AIPAC, in France the
presidency has nearly complete control over foreign policy. A small
group of officials has shaped policy toward Iran and Israel for the past
six years. The people who are now advising Fabius on Iran are, in fact,
the same ones who advised Sarkozy's foreign ministers Bernard Kouchner
and Alain Juppe. "There is, in the ministry of foreign affairs, a
tightly knit team of advisers on strategic affairs and non-proliferation
which has played a major role in shaping the French position on Iran
over the years," a knowledgeable French source told Truthout. The
direction the group has taken French policy generally has coincided with
that of the neoconservatives in the United States, according to close
observers of that policy.
At the center of that tight-knit group is the former French
ambassador to the United States during the George W. Bush
administration, Jean-David Levitte. He was appointed diplomatic adviser
to Sarkozy in 2007. Levitte, who has been called by some the
"real foreign minister" of France, has family ties to Israel and Zionism. His uncle,
Simon Levitt, was co-founder of the Zionist Youth Movement in France.
This was not the first time that France has played a spoiler role in
international negotiations on the Iran nuclear issue. Mohamed ElBaradei,
former director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency,
recalls in his memoirs
how the French delegation came to the October 2009 meeting with Iran in
Vienna on a "fuel swap" proposal armed with "scores of amendments to
our prepared draft agreement." In that case as well, it appeared that
the French role was to ensure that there would not be any agreement.
The "Right to Enrich" and the "End Game"
The Israeli ability to manipulate French policy was not the only
obstacle to a nuclear agreement with Iran. A potentially bigger issue
was the US refusal to reflect in the agreement that Iran has the right
to enrich uranium.
The New York Times reported Sunday that Iran had insisted on the recognition of its right to enrich and that the US position is that there is
no "inherent right to enrich." Kerry, in Abu Dhabi on Monday,
declared that no nation has an "existing right to enrich."
Both of those formulations imply that any right of Iran to enrich
would be conferred on Iran by the United States and the other powers if
and as they saw fit.
The US position, as explained to the
Times, was that any
enrichment that might be allowed to Iran in a comprehensive agreement
would depend on Iran's agreement to specific limits on that enrichment.
The administration was clearly holding on to that concession as
bargaining leverage it could use in later negotiations. In the meantime,
the United States would give up only marginally important sanctions
while maintaining the sanctions that were most clearly hurting Iran's
economy and society - those on oil exports and banking.
The interim agreement would impose no limits on Iran's enrichment to
3.5 percent except for the use of more advanced centrifuges, so the
refusal would have no practical effect on the situation during the
duration of the interim agreement.
But it did have major implications for the Iranian willingness to
trust the United States to negotiate a comprehensive agreement and
therefore could be a deal-breaker for Iran. President Hassan Rouhani
implied as much in a
speech to the Iranian national assembly
Sunday, saying Iran's "rights to enrichment" were "red lines" that
could not be crossed. Those “red lines” coincide, of course, with the
provision of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) that went into effect in
1970 and which represents the global regime governing the issue of the
right to nuclear technology. But the United States has been violating
Iran’s rights under the NPT ever since it first began pressuring its
allies to refuse to cooperate with Iran’s fledgling nuclear program in
1984. More recently it has justified its refusal to acknowledge such a
right by citing UN Security Council resolutions (which Washington
maneuvered to create) demanding that Iran cease all enrichment
activities.
From the beginning of the talks in October through last week's
negotiations, Iran had been proposing an agreement that would outline
the reciprocal actions each side would take in three stages of the
process and the
"end game"
to which they would lead. The end game for Iran meant the removal of
all the sanctions against Iran in return for Iran's acceptance of strict
limits on its enrichment and the acceptance of much more intrusive
monitoring by the IAEA. That
had been the central point of the original Iranian framework presented in Zarif's October power point.
But agreement on the "end game" in the preliminary interim agreement
was much less important to the Obama administration than it was to Iran.
What concerned US officials primarily was whether Iran could achieve a
breakout to a bomb. As a
senior administration officials told CNN
last week, the preliminary agreement was designed to "stop Iran's
progress" and "the shortening of time by which they could build a
nuclear weapon."
If Iran ended its 20 percent enrichment and systematically was
eliminating its stockpile of uranium that could still be enriched to
weapons-grade levels (90 percent), the Obama administration might feel
that the urgency of the crisis had lessened. Achieving the additional
limits on Iran's enrichment by removing the sanctions, moreover, would
be an exercise that certainly would provoke all-out conflict with Israel
and with the Congress.
Kerry
made the point
in his Abu Dhabi press conference Monday that "no agreement has been
reached about the end game here." His decision to emphasize that point
may be primarily to fend off criticism of the agreement from Israel and
Gulf Arab states of the "end game." Nevertheless that remark, along with
the effort by the United States to cover up the obvious effort to
sabotage the talks by Israel and France, is bound to raise a serious
question for Rouhani of whether the United States is really committed to
an end game in which the sanctions will be removed in return for Iran
cashing in its nuclear negotiating chips. If the end game is at best an
afterthought and, in the worst case, something to which Washington may
have a political aversion, then Iran would be putting its own bargaining
position in jeopardy by agreeing to US terms for the interim agreement.
When the diplomats reassemble November 20, therefore, the United
States is certainly going to face a much more skeptical and troubled
Iran than it encountered last week.
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