The article below was written in 2008. Nevertheless, commentators STILL claim that Iran's failure to obey Security Council Resolutions calling for suspension of uranium enrichment are justification for sanctions and for attacking Iran militarily. Since this article was written eight IAEA Reports and four National Intelligence Estimates have been released all of which say that there is no evidence that Iran has a nuclear weapons program. Numerous intelligence officials in the United States, Europe and Israel have said the same thing. So why do the media and some politicians keep insisting that Iran is building nuclear weapons? They clearly are using this as an excuse to attack Iran. If it weren't the nuclear issue, it would be something else.
--Bill Beeman
United Nations
Resolutions Against Iran
have Failed—and for good reason: their basic premise no longer applies
William O. Beeman
The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1696 calling
for Iran
to suspend nuclear enrichment were passed on July 31, 2006, nearly two years
ago. Every sanction and demand placed on Iran since that time has been based
on this Resolution and its strengthened re-iteration, Resolution 1737 on
December 27.
Clearly after two years the Resolution and its follow-ups
have not worked. Iran
has not suspended its uranium enrichment activities, and indications this week
are that it is not likely to do so in the future. The United States and its
reluctant European allies clearly can not put enough pressure on Iran to cause
it to abandon what the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, to which Iran (but not
Israel, Pakistan or India) is signatory, is its “inalienable right” to peaceful
nuclear development. As long as it does not violate Provision One of the NPT,
namely the agreement not to develop nuclear weaponry.
Ironically Security Council Resolution 1696 reaffirms the right
to peaceful nuclear development. Since this Resolution has failed, it is worth
looking at it again to examine its flaws.
It is first essential to understand the purpose of the
resolution, which is stated clearly in points one and two of the Resolution in
which the Security Council:
1. Calls upon Iran without further delay to take
the steps required by the IAEA Board of Governors in its resolution
GOV/2006/14, which are essential to build confidence in the exclusively
peaceful purpose of its nuclear programme and to resolve outstanding questions,
2. Demands, in this context, that Iran shall suspend all
enrichment-related and reprocessing activities, including research and
development, to be verified by the IAEA
The IAEA Report on which this resolution was based, GOV/2006/14 was
formulated on February 7, 2006, now nearly two and one-half years ago.
What is striking about both the IAEA Report and the UN Resolution is that both
call on Iran to suspend its
enrichment activities to “build confidence” that Iran is not violating Provision One
of the NPT.
However, the world seems to have forgotten that the suspension of uranium
enrichment was merely a means to that confidence building, and not an end in
itself. The Bush administration now focuses on suspension of enrichment rather
than confidence building. Since
enrichment of uranium for nuclear fuel is clearly allowed under the NPT, this
creates a paradox, and is the principal flaw in the Resolution. No one talked
about alternative means of confidence building, though imaginative diplomacy
would certainly have been able to craft such a provision that would have been
acceptable to Iran.
More importantly, in two and one half years, a lot has taken place. Most
notably, the United States National Intelligence Estimate was published in
December 2007 in which it is clearly stated that Iran does not have an active
nuclear weapons program. The IAEA
continually reaffirms this estimate, and both Russia
and China
are in agreement as well.
If Iran
does not have a weapons program, it is not in violation of NPT Provision One.
There is no need for the confidence building called for in Resolution 1696, and
therefore no need for suspension of Iran’s enrichment program.
The anger and public denial of the NIE on the part of President Bush,
Vice-President Cheney and others in the Bush administration results from
frustration with this situation. And no wonder, the basic reason for the
Security Council Resolution has now been completely gutted. Bush officials spent hours and hours
berating, jawboning and cajoling other nations, particularly European Allies,
to go along with these Resolutions, and even to implement further sanctions
based on them now to no avail.
The deep irony in the situation is that American intelligence itself has vitiated the very reason for these
actions.
Iranians see through this charade. For this reason they refuse to relinquish
their treaty rights, and have determined to stand up to the United States.
They have earned the anger of the Bush administration, but the admiration—often
grudging—of much of the rest of the world.
It is certainly time to revisit the
original Resolution 1696 to find new ways to guarantee to the world that Iran is in fact
not building weapons. Since there is no evidence whatever that they are, this
should be easy, if the United States
will only stop trying to force Iran
into the impossible choice of giving up an inalienable right in order to
satisfy a rapacious U.S.
administration bent on its destruction. Appeasement cuts both ways.
William O. Beeman is Professor and Chair of the Department of Anthropology
at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
Minnesota. He is President of the
Middle East Section of the American Anthropological Association. His latest
book, The “Great Statan” vs. the “Mad Mullahs”: How the United States and Iran
Demonize Each Other
was published in April in an updated edition by the University of Chicago Press.